Similes for Guilt

50 Similes for Guilt: Powerful Examples, Meanings & Sentences

Have you ever felt guilty after saying something hurtful or making a mistake? Guilt can be hard to describe because it is an emotion you cannot see or touch. That is where similes for guilt can help. A good simile turns an invisible feeling into something readers can imagine.

A simile compares two different things using words such as “like” or “as.” For example, you might say, “His guilt was like a heavy stone in his chest.” The reader can quickly imagine how uncomfortable and difficult that feeling is.

In simple terms, similes make emotions easier to understand. They can show guilt as heavy, dark, cold, painful, or impossible to escape. As a result, your writing feels more vivid and emotional.

Let’s explore 50 creative writing similes for guilt, along with their meanings and simple simile sentences. You can use these examples in stories, essays, poems, school assignments, or everyday creative writing.

50 Similes for Guilt

1. Guilt Like a Heavy Stone

Simile: Her guilt felt like a heavy stone sitting on her chest.

Meaning: This simile shows guilt as a heavy emotional burden.

Explanation: The comparison makes guilt feel difficult to carry. It suggests that the person cannot easily forget what happened.

Example sentences:

  • His guilt was like a heavy stone he carried everywhere.
  • She felt as if guilt were a stone pressing against her heart.

2. Guilt Like a Dark Cloud

Simile: His guilt followed him like a dark cloud.

Meaning: This means guilt stayed with him and made everything feel gloomy.

Explanation: A dark cloud can block sunlight and create a sad mood. Likewise, guilt can block happiness and peace.

Example sentences:

  • Guilt hung over her like a dark cloud all morning.
  • He walked into the room with guilt following him like a dark cloud.

3. Guilt Like a Shadow

Simile: Her guilt followed her like a shadow.

Meaning: This simile suggests that guilt was always present.

Explanation: A shadow stays close to a person. In the same way, guilt can remain in someone’s thoughts after a mistake.

Example sentences:

  • His guilt followed him like a shadow wherever he went.
  • She tried to forget the mistake, but guilt stayed behind like a shadow.

4. Guilt Like a Weight

Simile: The secret felt like a weight tied to his heart.

Meaning: This describes guilt as something emotionally heavy.

Explanation: A physical weight makes movement harder. Similarly, guilt can make it difficult to feel relaxed or happy.

Example sentences:

  • Her guilt felt like a weight on her shoulders.
  • He carried the secret like a heavy weight all day.

5. Guilt Like a Burning Fire

Simile: Guilt burned inside him like a raging fire.

Meaning: This shows guilt as a powerful and painful emotion.

Explanation: Fire creates heat and discomfort. The comparison suggests that guilt was growing stronger inside the person.

Example sentences:

  • His regret burned like a fire in his chest.
  • Guilt burned inside her like flames she could not put out.

6. Guilt Like an Ice-Cold Hand

Simile: Guilt gripped her heart like an ice-cold hand.

Meaning: This means guilt caused fear, discomfort, or emotional pain.

Explanation: An icy hand feels shocking and uncomfortable. The image makes guilt seem frightening and difficult to escape.

Example sentences:

  • Guilt grabbed his heart like an ice-cold hand.
  • She felt guilt clutching her like a frozen hand.

7. Guilt Like a Prison

Simile: His guilt trapped him like a prisoner in a cell.

Meaning: This shows that guilt made him feel unable to escape his thoughts.

Explanation: A prisoner cannot freely leave a cell. Similarly, someone overwhelmed by guilt may feel trapped by the past.

Example sentences:

  • Her guilt held her like a prisoner behind invisible bars.
  • He felt trapped by guilt like someone locked inside a prison.

8. Guilt Like a Chain

Simile: Guilt held him like a chain around his ankle.

Meaning: This describes guilt as something that prevents freedom.

Explanation: A chain can restrict movement. The comparison suggests that guilt keeps someone emotionally connected to a mistake.

Example sentences:

  • His guilt dragged behind him like a heavy chain.
  • She felt tied to the past like a prisoner wearing chains.

9. Guilt Like a Thorn

Simile: The mistake stayed in her mind like a thorn in her side.

Meaning: This shows guilt as a constant source of irritation and pain.

Explanation: A thorn causes pain whenever you touch it. In the same way, a guilty memory can hurt whenever it comes back.

Example sentences:

  • His guilt remained like a thorn he could not remove.
  • The memory bothered her like a sharp thorn.

10. Guilt Like a Knife

Simile: His guilt cut into him like a sharp knife.

Meaning: This means guilt caused deep emotional pain.

Explanation: A knife can cause a sharp physical wound. This comparison makes emotional pain feel real and intense.

Example sentences:

  • The memory cut her like a knife whenever she thought about it.
  • Guilt hurt him like a knife buried deep inside.

11. Guilt Like an Echo

Simile: Her guilt returned like an echo in an empty room.

Meaning: This means guilty thoughts kept coming back.

Explanation: An echo repeats a sound. Likewise, guilt can repeat the same mistake in someone’s mind.

Example sentences:

  • His guilty thoughts returned like an echo.
  • Every regret came back like an echo from the past.

12. Guilt Like a Whisper

Simile: Guilt whispered in his mind like a quiet voice.

Meaning: This suggests that guilt constantly reminded him of his mistake.

Explanation: A whisper is soft but easy to notice in silence. Guilt can work in the same way, quietly reminding someone of what happened.

Example sentences:

  • Her guilt whispered like a voice she could not silence.
  • The memory stayed in his mind like a faint whisper.

13. Guilt Like a Storm

Simile: Guilt raged inside her like a violent storm.

Meaning: This shows guilt as powerful and emotionally overwhelming.

Explanation: Storms can be wild and difficult to control. The comparison suggests that the person’s emotions were equally intense.

Example sentences:

  • A storm of guilt raged inside him.
  • Her thoughts crashed around her like a storm.

14. Guilt Like Rain

Simile: Guilt fell over him like cold rain.

Meaning: This describes guilt as something that suddenly makes a person feel sad or uncomfortable.

Explanation: Cold rain can make someone feel gloomy and uncomfortable. Guilt can create a similar emotional effect.

Example sentences:

  • Guilt came over her like cold rain.
  • He felt regret falling on him like endless rain.

15. Guilt Like a Dark Room

Simile: His mind felt like a dark room filled with guilt.

Meaning: This represents guilt as sadness, confusion, or emotional darkness.

Explanation: A dark room can feel lonely and uncomfortable. The comparison gives readers a clear picture of the person’s emotional state.

Example sentences:

  • She felt trapped in guilt like someone locked in a dark room.
  • His thoughts became as dark as a room without windows.
See also  50 Similes for Love: Beautiful Examples, Meanings & Sentences

16. Guilt Like Mud

Simile: Guilt clung to her like thick mud.

Meaning: This means guilt was difficult to remove.

Explanation: Mud sticks to clothes and shoes. In the same way, guilt can cling to someone’s thoughts long after a mistake.

Example sentences:

  • His guilt stuck to him like wet mud.
  • She could not shake the feeling because it clung like mud.

17. Guilt Like a Heavy Backpack

Simile: He carried his guilt like a heavy backpack.

Meaning: This means he carried an emotional burden everywhere.

Explanation: A heavy backpack becomes tiring over time. The comparison shows how guilt can slowly exhaust someone.

Example sentences:

  • She carried regret like a backpack full of stones.
  • His guilt felt like a heavy backpack on his shoulders.

18. Guilt Like a Ball and Chain

Simile: His guilt followed him like a ball and chain.

Meaning: This suggests that guilt prevented him from feeling free.

Explanation: A ball and chain is associated with being restrained. The image makes guilt seem like a burden that holds someone back.

Example sentences:

  • He walked through life with guilt like a ball and chain.
  • Her mistake followed her like a ball and chain.

19. Guilt Like a Cage

Simile: She felt trapped by guilt like a bird inside a cage.

Meaning: This shows that guilt made her feel unable to move forward.

Explanation: A bird in a cage cannot fly freely. Likewise, guilt can stop a person from enjoying the present.

Example sentences:

  • His regret held him like a bird trapped in a cage.
  • Guilt made her feel locked away like a bird in a cage.

20. Guilt Like a Leaking Faucet

Simile: His guilt dripped into his thoughts like a leaking faucet.

Meaning: This means guilty thoughts keep returning little by little.

Explanation: A leaking faucet produces repeated drops. Similarly, small guilty thoughts can keep interrupting someone’s peace.

Example sentences:

  • Regret returned like drops from a leaking faucet.
  • Her guilt kept dripping into her thoughts like water from a broken tap.

21. Guilt Like a Broken Record

Simile: Her guilt played in her mind like a broken record.

Meaning: This means she kept thinking about the same mistake.

Explanation: A broken record repeats the same part again and again. Guilt can create the same pattern of repeated thoughts.

Example sentences:

  • His regret repeated in his mind like a broken record.
  • She replayed the conversation like a broken record.

22. Guilt Like a Bell

Simile: Guilt rang in his mind like a warning bell.

Meaning: This suggests that guilt reminded him that something was wrong.

Explanation: A warning bell gets attention quickly. The comparison shows guilt acting as an emotional alarm.

Example sentences:

  • His conscience rang like a loud bell.
  • Guilt sounded in her mind like a warning bell.

23. Guilt Like a Dark Ocean

Simile: She felt swallowed by guilt like a swimmer lost in a dark ocean.

Meaning: This describes feeling overwhelmed by guilt.

Explanation: A dark ocean can feel huge and frightening. The comparison shows that guilt seemed bigger than the person’s ability to control it.

Example sentences:

  • He felt lost in guilt like a swimmer in a dark sea.
  • Her thoughts surrounded her like a deep ocean.

24. Guilt Like a Maze

Simile: His thoughts twisted around him like a maze.

Meaning: This means guilt made it hard for him to find peace or a clear answer.

Explanation: A maze can be confusing and difficult to escape. Guilt can create the same feeling in someone’s mind.

Example sentences:

  • Her guilty thoughts felt like a maze with no exit.
  • He wandered through regret like someone lost in a maze.

25. Guilt Like a Fog

Simile: Guilt covered his mind like thick fog.

Meaning: This means guilt made his thoughts unclear.

Explanation: Fog blocks vision and makes it difficult to see clearly. In the same way, guilt can make it difficult to focus on anything else.

Example sentences:

  • Regret surrounded her like thick fog.
  • His guilt clouded his judgment like morning fog.

26. Guilt Like a Cold Shadow

Simile: A cold shadow of guilt followed her everywhere.

Meaning: This describes guilt as an uncomfortable feeling that never seems far away.

Explanation: The word “cold” adds emotional discomfort to the image of a shadow. Together, they create a strong picture of lingering guilt.

Example sentences:

  • A cold shadow of regret followed him home.
  • She felt guilt behind her like a cold shadow.

27. Guilt Like a Locked Door

Simile: His guilt stood between him and happiness like a locked door.

Meaning: This means guilt prevented him from enjoying life.

Explanation: A locked door blocks the way forward. The comparison shows guilt as an emotional barrier.

Example sentences:

  • Regret stood before her like a locked door.
  • His guilt blocked peace like a door without a key.

28. Guilt Like a Wall

Simile: Guilt rose between them like a tall wall.

Meaning: This shows guilt creating distance between people.

Explanation: A wall separates one side from another. In relationships, guilt can make honest communication harder.

Example sentences:

  • Her guilt stood between them like a wall.
  • His mistake built a wall between him and his friend.

29. Guilt Like a Broken Mirror

Simile: His guilt was like a broken mirror that showed every mistake.

Meaning: This suggests guilt made him focus on his failures.

Explanation: A broken mirror gives a distorted reflection. The comparison shows how guilt can change the way someone sees themselves.

Example sentences:

  • Her guilt reflected her mistakes like a broken mirror.
  • He saw himself through regret like a person staring into cracked glass.

30. Guilt Like a Scar

Simile: The guilt remained like a scar from an old wound.

Meaning: This means the emotional pain stayed even after time passed.

Explanation: A scar can remain after a wound heals. Likewise, guilt may remain after the original event is over.

Example sentences:

  • His regret stayed like a scar from the past.
  • The memory remained in her heart like an old scar.

31. Guilt Like a Bruise

Simile: Her guilt felt like a bruise that hurt when touched.

Meaning: This describes emotional pain that becomes stronger when remembered.

Explanation: A bruise may hurt when pressed. Similarly, a guilty memory can become painful whenever someone thinks about it.

Example sentences:

  • The memory hurt like a fresh bruise.
  • His regret remained tender like an old bruise.

32. Guilt Like a Heavy Fog

Simile: A heavy fog of guilt covered his thoughts.

Meaning: This shows guilt making everything feel unclear and difficult.

Explanation: Thick fog hides what is ahead. Guilt can have a similar effect by keeping someone focused on the past.

Example sentences:

  • She struggled to think through the fog of guilt.
  • Regret covered his mind like heavy fog.

33. Guilt Like a Ticking Clock

Simile: Guilt ticked inside her like a clock she could not stop.

Meaning: This means guilt constantly reminded her that something needed to be faced.

See also  50 Similes for Friendly Creative Examples, Meanings

Explanation: A ticking clock is hard to ignore. The comparison gives guilt a steady, persistent quality.

Example sentences:

  • His conscience ticked like a clock in the silent room.
  • Guilt kept reminding her of the mistake like a ticking clock.

34. Guilt Like a Drumbeat

Simile: Guilt pounded in his mind like a steady drumbeat.

Meaning: This shows guilt as a repeated and powerful thought.

Explanation: A drumbeat can be heard again and again. The comparison suggests that guilt kept demanding attention.

Example sentences:

  • Regret beat in her head like a drum.
  • His guilt pounded like a drumbeat he could not escape.

35. Guilt Like a Chain Around the Heart

Simile: Guilt wrapped around his heart like a chain.

Meaning: This shows deep emotional pressure.

Explanation: A chain suggests restriction. When it is placed around the heart, the image becomes more personal and emotional.

Example sentences:

  • Her regret tightened around her heart like a chain.
  • He felt guilt locking his heart like a heavy chain.

36. Guilt Like a Weight on the Shoulders

Simile: She carried guilt like a heavy weight on her shoulders.

Meaning: This means she felt responsible and emotionally burdened.

Explanation: The shoulders are often used to represent responsibility. The comparison makes emotional responsibility feel physical.

Example sentences:

  • He carried his mistake like a weight on his shoulders.
  • Guilt rested on her shoulders like a heavy load.

37. Guilt Like a Silent Guest

Simile: Guilt stayed in his mind like a silent guest.

Meaning: This suggests guilt was always present but rarely spoken about.

Explanation: A silent guest may sit quietly without saying anything. Likewise, guilt can stay inside someone without being shared.

Example sentences:

  • Regret remained like a silent guest at dinner.
  • His guilt sat beside him like a guest no one invited.

38. Guilt Like a Bird in a Cage

Simile: His guilty heart fluttered like a bird trapped in a cage.

Meaning: This shows emotional anxiety and a desire to escape.

Explanation: A trapped bird wants freedom. The comparison shows how guilt can make a person restless.

Example sentences:

  • Her heart raced like a bird trapped in a cage.
  • He felt nervous and guilty like a frightened bird.

39. Guilt Like a Heavy Raincloud

Simile: A heavy raincloud of guilt hung over her.

Meaning: This describes guilt as a gloomy emotional burden.

Explanation: Rainclouds can make a bright day feel dark. Similarly, guilt can change a person’s mood.

Example sentences:

  • A raincloud of regret followed him all day.
  • Her guilt hung over her like a heavy raincloud.

40. Guilt Like a Candle Burning Down

Simile: His guilt burned inside him like a candle slowly burning down.

Meaning: This suggests guilt gradually consumed his emotional energy.

Explanation: A candle slowly uses up its wax as it burns. The image suggests that guilt can slowly wear someone down.

Example sentences:

  • Her regret faded and burned like a dying candle.
  • Guilt consumed his peace like a candle using up its last drop of wax.

41. Guilt Like a Heavy Blanket

Simile: Guilt covered him like a heavy blanket.

Meaning: This means guilt surrounded him and made him feel weighed down.

Explanation: A heavy blanket can feel warm but restrictive. Here, it represents an emotion that covers and burdens someone.

Example sentences:

  • Regret covered her like a heavy blanket.
  • He woke with guilt lying over him like a thick blanket.

42. Guilt Like a Cold Wind

Simile: Guilt swept through her heart like a cold wind.

Meaning: This describes a sudden feeling of discomfort or regret.

Explanation: A cold wind can arrive suddenly and make someone shiver. The comparison gives guilt a similar emotional effect.

Example sentences:

  • Regret passed through him like a cold wind.
  • A feeling of guilt swept over her like winter air.

43. Guilt Like a Stone in the Shoe

Simile: His guilt bothered him like a stone in his shoe.

Meaning: This shows guilt as a small but constant irritation.

Explanation: A stone in a shoe may seem small, but every step reminds you that it is there. Guilt can work in exactly the same way.

Example sentences:

  • The secret bothered her like a stone in her shoe.
  • His guilt followed every thought like a pebble underfoot.

44. Guilt Like a Needle

Simile: The memory pierced her like a needle.

Meaning: This shows guilt as sharp emotional pain.

Explanation: A needle creates a sudden, sharp sensation. The comparison makes a guilty memory feel equally painful.

Example sentences:

  • His words returned like a needle in her mind.
  • The memory pierced her heart like a tiny needle.

45. Guilt Like a Siren

Simile: His conscience screamed like a siren.

Meaning: This shows guilt as a strong warning that something was wrong.

Explanation: A siren is loud and difficult to ignore. This makes the guilt feel urgent and powerful.

Example sentences:

  • Guilt sounded in his head like an emergency siren.
  • Her conscience cried out like a warning siren.

46. Guilt Like a Broken Alarm

Simile: Guilt rang in her mind like a broken alarm.

Meaning: This means guilty thoughts kept repeating without stopping.

Explanation: A broken alarm may continue making noise. The comparison shows how difficult it can be to silence repeated regret.

Example sentences:

  • His conscience rang like a broken alarm.
  • Guilt kept shouting at her like an alarm she could not turn off.

47. Guilt Like a Dark Tunnel

Simile: He walked through guilt like a traveler lost in a dark tunnel.

Meaning: This suggests he could not see a clear way forward.

Explanation: A dark tunnel can feel uncertain and frightening. The image shows guilt as a difficult emotional journey.

Example sentences:

  • She moved through regret like someone lost in a tunnel.
  • His guilt made the future seem like a dark tunnel.

48. Guilt Like a Heavy Anchor

Simile: Guilt held him down like a heavy anchor.

Meaning: This means guilt prevented him from moving forward.

Explanation: An anchor keeps a boat in one place. In the same way, guilt can keep someone stuck in the past.

Example sentences:

  • His regret held him back like an anchor.
  • Guilt pulled her down like a heavy anchor.

49. Guilt Like a Photograph

Simile: The memory stayed in his mind like an old photograph.

Meaning: This means the guilty memory remains clear and difficult to forget.

Explanation: A photograph preserves a moment. The comparison shows how guilt can keep an unwanted memory alive.

Example sentences:

  • The mistake remained in her mind like an old photograph.
  • He remembered that day as clearly as a photograph.

50. Guilt Like a Voice in the Dark

Simile: Guilt followed him like a voice in the dark.

Meaning: This shows guilt as an unseen but powerful reminder.

Explanation: A voice in darkness can feel mysterious and unsettling. The comparison gives guilt a quiet but haunting quality.

Example sentences:

  • Her regret stayed with her like a voice in the dark.
  • He heard his conscience like a distant voice in the darkness.

What Do These Similes for Guilt Show?

These similes for guilt show that one emotion can have many different forms. For example, guilt may feel heavy like a stone, dark like a cloud, or sharp like a knife.

See also  50 Halloween Similes for Kids: Spooky, Fun & Creative Examples

The best comparison depends on what you want the reader to feel.

If your character feels trapped, a simile such as “guilt held him like a chain” works well. On the other hand, if the character cannot stop remembering a mistake, “guilt played in her mind like a broken record” may be stronger.

You might also use a softer image when the guilt is quiet. In that case, “guilt whispered like a quiet voice” can show a feeling that is present but not overwhelming.

In creative writing, these small choices matter. They help readers understand not only what a character feels but also how strongly that character feels it.

How to Use Similes for Guilt in Writing

Using a simile is simple. First, identify the emotion you want to describe. Next, think of something that creates a similar feeling.

For guilt, you can ask yourself:

  • Does the guilt feel heavy?
  • Does it follow the character?
  • Does it hurt?
  • Does it make the character feel trapped?
  • Does it keep returning?
  • Does it make the character feel afraid?
  • Does it prevent the character from moving forward?

Once you know the answer, choose an image that matches.

For example, if guilt feels difficult to carry, you could write:

“Her guilt was like a heavy backpack.”

If guilt keeps returning, you might say:

“His regret returned like an echo.”

If guilt prevents someone from moving forward, try:

“Guilt held him down like a heavy anchor.”

This is how to use similes in writing without making them feel forced. The comparison should match the character’s emotion and the scene.

Simile vs. Metaphor

Similes and metaphors both compare two different things, but they do it in different ways.

A simile usually uses words such as like or as.

Simile: Her guilt was like a heavy stone.

A metaphor makes the comparison directly.

Metaphor: Her guilt was a heavy stone.

The meaning can be similar, but the structure is different.

Here is another example:

Simile: His guilt followed him like a shadow.

Metaphor: His guilt was a shadow.

In simple terms, a simile says one thing is like another thing. A metaphor says one thing is another thing.

Both are useful in creative writing. However, similes are often easier for beginners because the comparison is clear.

Why Are Similes Important in Creative Writing?

A strong simile can make ordinary writing more memorable.

Instead of writing:

“She felt guilty.”

You could write:

“Guilt sat on her shoulders like a heavy backpack.”

The second sentence gives the reader something to picture. Suddenly, guilt feels physical and real.

That is the main power of creative writing similes. They turn simple ideas into vivid images.

Similes can also help you show emotion without directly naming it. Instead of telling readers that a character feels trapped, you can show that feeling through a comparison.

For example:

“His guilt held him like a prisoner behind bars.”

The reader can understand the emotion without a long explanation.

Tips for Creating Your Own Similes for Guilt

Creating original similes does not have to be difficult. Start with the emotion and ask what it feels like.

For example, guilt can feel heavy, so you might compare it to a stone, backpack, anchor, or weight.

Guilt can also feel painful, which means you could compare it to a thorn, knife, needle, bruise, or wound.

Likewise, guilt can feel persistent. In that situation, you could compare it to a shadow, echo, ticking clock, or broken record.

Try to avoid choosing a comparison simply because it sounds dramatic. Instead, choose an image that fits your character and situation.

A good simile should help the reader understand something more clearly. If the comparison does not add meaning, try another one.

Common Mistakes When Using Similes

Even a creative simile can become weak if it is used poorly.

One common mistake is using a comparison that does not fit the emotion. For example, comparing deep guilt to something cheerful may confuse the reader.

Another problem is using too many similes in one sentence. A single strong comparison is often better than several weak ones.

You should also avoid repeating the same comparison throughout a story. If every guilty character feels “like a heavy stone,” the writing may start to sound predictable.

Instead, explore different images. One character might feel guilt like a shadow, while another might experience it like a locked door.

Most importantly, keep your similes natural. The goal is to make the reader feel the emotion, not to show off complicated vocabulary.

Frequently Asked Questions 

What is a simile for guilt?

A simile for guilt compares guilt to another thing using “like” or “as.” For example, “Her guilt felt like a heavy stone on her heart.”

What is a good simile for feeling guilty?

A strong example is “Guilt followed him like a shadow.” It shows that the guilty feeling stays close and is difficult to escape.

How can I describe guilt in creative writing?

You can describe guilt by comparing it to things that feel heavy, painful, dark, restrictive, or persistent. Examples include stones, shadows, chains, storms, fog, and anchors.

What is the difference between a simile and a metaphor?

A simile uses words such as like or as to make a comparison. A metaphor makes the comparison directly. For example, “Her guilt was like a stone” is a simile, while “Her guilt was a stone” is a metaphor.

Why should writers use similes?

Writers use similes to create vivid pictures and make emotions easier to understand. They can make stories, poems, essays, and descriptions more interesting and memorable.

Conclusion

Similes can turn a simple emotion into a powerful picture. When you write “He felt guilty,” the reader understands the feeling, but when you write “His guilt followed him like a shadow,” the emotion becomes easier to imagine.

The 50 similes for guilt in this guide show many ways to describe regret, shame, emotional pain, and inner conflict. You can use them as inspiration for stories, poems, essays, schoolwork, or other creative writing.

Remember, you do not have to copy every example. Instead, notice how each comparison works and create your own. Think about what guilt feels like, find an object or image that matches it, and connect the two with like or as.

With a little practice, your similes can make your writing clearer, stronger, and much more memorable.

Comments

No comments yet. Why don’t you start the discussion?

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *